Product Code Database
Retina display is a branded series of and OLED displays by Apple Inc. that have a higher pixel density than their traditional displays. Apple has registered the term "Retina" as a trademark with regard to computers and mobile devices with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Claims priority filing date with respect to prior application in Jamaica. Also cites prior application in Jamaica. The applications were approved in 2012 and 2014, respectively.
The Retina display debuted in 2010 with the iPhone 4 and the iPod Touch (4th generation), and later the iPad (3rd generation) where each screen pixel of the iPhone 3GS, iPod Touch (3rd generation), and iPad 2 was replaced by four smaller pixels, and the user interface Image scaling to fill in the extra pixels. Apple calls this mode HiDPI mode. In simpler words, it is one logical pixel that corresponds to four physical pixels. The scale factor is tripled for devices with even higher pixel densities, such as the iPhone 6 Plus and iPhone X. The advantage of this equation is that the CPU "sees" a small portion of the data and calculates the relative positions of each element, and the GPU renders these elements with high quality assets. The goal of Retina displays is to make the text and images being displayed crisper.
The Retina display has since expanded to most Apple product lines, such as Apple Watch, iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, iPad Mini, iPad Air, iPad Pro, MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, iMac, and Apple's computer monitors such as the Studio Display and Pro Display XDR, some of which have never had non-Retina displays. Apple uses various marketing terms to differentiate between its LCD and OLED displays having various resolutions, contrast levels, Gamut, or . It is known as Liquid Retina display for the iPhone XR, iPad Air (4th generation), iPad Mini (6th generation), iPad Pro (3rd generation) and later versions, and Retina 4.5K display for the iMac.
Apple's Retina displays do not have a fixed minimum pixel density, but vary depending on and at what distance the user would typically be viewing the screen. Where on smaller devices held or worn closer to the user’s eyes, such as watches and phones, the displays must have very high pixel density for the pixels to be indiscernible to the user, for displays viewed from farther away, such as those of notebook or desktop computers, slightly less pixel density is required in order to achieve the same angular resolution. Later products have had additional improvements, such as an increase in the screen size, contrast ratio, or pixel density. Apple has used names such as Retina HD display, Retina 5K display, Super Retina HD display, Super Retina XDR display, and Liquid Retina display for various iterations.
Based on Jobs' statement, the threshold for a Retina display is an angular pixel density of 52–63 PPD. For example, holding a phone away, the value of 58 PPD means that a tall skinny triangle emanating from the eye with a height equal to the viewing distance and a top angle of one degree will have a base on the device's screen that covers 58 pixels.
The essence of Retina display is to eliminate the appearance of graininess on a screen, for example when displaying complex languages (for example Arabic language, Hebrew language and CJKV) on a screen.
A Retina display may also include hardware support for wide gamut, such as DCI-P3.
Many authors have challenged Apple's claim. For example, Raymond Soneira, president of DisplayMate Technologies, said that the physiology of the human retina is such that there must be at least 477 pixels per inch in a pixelated display for the pixels to become imperceptible to the human eye at a distance of , corresponding to 0.6 arcminutes per pixel or 100 PPD. John Brownlee, in an article at Apple fan website CultOfMac, stated that the threshold to discern individual pixels is between 0.3 and 0.4 arc minutes (150 - 200 PPD). Others have defended Apple. Astronomer and science blogger Phil Plait stated that a resolution of 0.6 arcminutes corresponds to "perfect eyesight" but that "a better number for a typical person is more like 1 arcmin resolution, not 0.6", corresponding to Visual acuity vision or 60 PPD. Plait argued that what Jobs said was fine as the iPhone 4S's resolution is better than 1 arcmin. The retinal neuroscientist Bryan Jones cites a paper calculating 0.78 arcminutes/cycle of *retinal* resolution (corresponding to 77 PPD), and states the optics of the system may degrade image quality somewhat, thus giving the commonly accepted resolution of 1 arcminute. Soneira has replied that "If you allow poor vision to enter into the specs, then any display becomes a retina display. That turns it into a meaningless concept that will be exploited by everyone." A 2024 study found that the eye had resolution limits of 94 PPD for foveal achromatic vision, 89 PPD for red-green patterns, and 53 PPD for yellow-violet patterns.
The displays are manufactured worldwide by different suppliers. Currently, the iPad's display comes from Samsung, while the MacBook Pro and iPod Touch displays are made by LG Display and Japan Display Inc. There was a shift of display technology from twisted nematic (TN) liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) to IPS panel LCDs starting with the iPhone 4 models in June 2010.
Apple markets the following devices as having Retina, Retina HD, Liquid Retina, Liquid Retina XDR, Super Retina HD, Super Retina XDR, Ultra Retina XDR or Retina 4K, 5K or 6K displays:
| Apple Watch 38mm | Retina display | 272×340 | 4:5 | 326 | 128 | 77.9 | 56.9 | 92,480 | ||
| Apple Watch 42mm (Series 0, 1, 2 and 3) | 312×390 | 121,680 | ||||||||
| Apple Watch 40mm | 324×394 | 330 | 130 | 76.9 | 57.7 | 127,656 | ||||
| Apple Watch 41mm | 352×430 | 151,360 | ||||||||
| Apple Watch 44mm | 368×448 | 164,864 | ||||||||
| Apple Watch 42mm (Series 10) | 374×446 | 166,804 | ||||||||
| Apple Watch 45mm | 396×484 | 191,664 | ||||||||
| Apple Watch Ultra | 410×502 | 335 | 132 | 75.9 | 58.5 | 205,820 | ||||
| Apple Watch 46mm | 416×496 | 330 | 130 | 76.9 | 57.7 | 206,336 | ||||
| iPhone 4, 4S and iPod Touch 4 | 960×640 | 2:3 | 326 | 128 | 77.9 | 56.9 | 614,400 | |||
| iPhone 5, 5C, 5S and SE 1, iPod Touch 5, 6 and 7 | 1136×640 | 727,040 | ||||||||
| iPhone 6, 6S, 7, 8, SE 2 and SE 3 | Retina HD display | 1334×750 | 1,000,500 | |||||||
| iPhone 6 Plus, 6S Plus, 7 Plus and 8 Plus | 1920×1080 | 401 | 158 | 63.4 | 70.0 | 2,073,600 | ||||
| iPhone XR and 11 | Liquid Retina display | 1792×828 | 6:13 (9:19.5) | 326 | 128 | 77.9 | 56.9 | 1,483,776 | ||
| iPhone 12 Mini and 13 Mini | Super Retina XDR display (Super Retina HD on iPhone X, XS and XS Max) | 2340×1080 | 476/337 | 187/133 | 53.4 | 83.1 | 2,527,200 | |||
| iPhone X, iPhone XS, and 11 Pro | 2436×1125 | 458/324Due to the peculiar diamond Sub-Pixels layout found in the iPhone X, iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max, the actual density of the Red and Blue Sub-Pixels is lower than that of the Green Sub-Pixels, being reportedly 324 Sub-Pixels per inch. | 180/127 | 55.4 | 79.9 | 2,740,500 | ||||
| iPhone 12, 12 Pro, 13, 13 Pro, 14 and 16e | 2532×1170 | 460/325 | 181/128 | 55.2 | 80.3 | 2,962,440 | ||||
| iPhone 14 Pro, 15, 15 Pro and 16 | 2556×1179 | 3,013,524 | ||||||||
| iPhone 16 Pro | 2622×1206 | 3,162,132 | ||||||||
| iPhone XS and 11 Pro Max | 2688×1242 | 458/324 | 180/127 | 55.4 | 79.9 | 3,338,496 | ||||
| iPhone 12 Pro Max, 13 Pro Max and 14 Plus | 2778×1284 | 3,566,952 | ||||||||
| iPhone 14 Pro Max, 15 Plus, 15 Pro Max and 16 Plus | 2796×1290 | 460/325 | 181/128 | 55.2 | 80.3 | 3,606,840 | ||||
| iPhone 16 Pro Max | 2868×1320 | 3,785,760 | ||||||||
| iPad Mini 2, 3, 4 and 5 | Retina display | QXGA | 326 | 128 | 77.9 | 85.3 | 3,145,728 | |||
| iPad 3, 4, 5 and 6, Air 1 and 2, Pro 9.7" | 264 | 104 | 96 | 69.1 | ||||||
| iPad 7, 8 and 9 | 2160×1620 | 3,499,200 | ||||||||
| iPad Pro 10.5" and Air 3 | 2224×1668 | 3,709,632 | ||||||||
| iPad Pro (1 and 2) | 2732×2048 | 5,595,136 | ||||||||
| iPad Mini 6 and 7 | Liquid Retina display | 2266×1488 | 2:3 | 326 | 128 | 77.9 | 85.3 | 3,371,808 | ||
| iPad 10 and 11, Air 4 and 5, Air 11" | 2360×1640 | 7:10 | 264 | 104 | 96 | 69.1 | 3,870,400 | |||
| iPad Pro (1, 2, 3 and 4) | 2388×1668 | 3,983,184 | ||||||||
| iPad Pro (3 and 4), Air 13" | 2732×2048 | 5,595,136 | ||||||||
| iPad Pro (5 and 6) | Liquid Retina XDR display | |||||||||
| iPad Pro 11" (5) | Ultra Retina XDR display | 2420×1668 | 7:10 | 4,036,560 | ||||||
| iPad Pro 13" | 2752×2064 | 5,680,128 | ||||||||
| MacBook 12" | Retina display | 2304×1440 | 226 | 89 | 112 | 78.9 | 3,317,760 | |||
| MacBook Air 13" and MacBook Pro 13" | WQXGA | 227 | 79.2 | 4,096,000 | ||||||
| MacBook Pro 15" | 2880×1800 | 221 | 87 | 115 | 77.1 | 5,184,000 | ||||
| MacBook Pro 16" | 3072×1920 | 226 | 89 | 112 | 78.9 | 5,898,240 | ||||
| MacBook Air 13" | Liquid Retina display | 2560×1664 | 224 | 88 | 113 | 78.2 | 4,259,840 | |||
| MacBook Air 15" | 2880×1864 | 5,368,320 | ||||||||
| MacBook Pro 14" | Liquid Retina XDR display | 3024×1964 | 254 | 100 | 100 | 88.7 | 5,939,136 | |||
| MacBook Pro 16" | 3456×2234 | 7,720,704 | ||||||||
| iMac Retina 21.5" | Retina 4K display | 4096×2304 | 219 | 86 | 116 | 76.4 | 9,437,184 | |||
| iMac Retina 24" | Retina 4.5K display | 4480×2520 | 11,289,600 | |||||||
| iMac Retina 27", iMac Pro and Studio Display | Retina 5K display | 5120×2880 | 218 | 76.1 | 14,745,600 | |||||
| Pro Display XDR | Retina 6K display | 6016×3384 | 20,358,144 |
Reviewing the iPhone 4 in 2010, Joshua Topolsky commented:
"to our eyes, there has never been a more detailed, clear, or viewable screen on any mobile device. Not only are the colors and blacks deep and rich, but you simply cannot see pixels on the screen…webpages that would be line after line of pixelated content when zoomed out on a 3GS are completely readable on the iPhone 4, though the text is beyond microscopic."
Former Microsoft employee Bill Hill, an expert on font rendering, offered similar comments:
That much resolution is stunning. To see it on a mainstream device like the iPad—rather than a $13,000 exotic monitor—is truly amazing, and something I've been waiting more than a decade to see. It will set a bar for future resolution that every other manufacturer of devices and PCs will have to jump.
Writer John Gruber suggested that the arrival of Retina displays on computers would trigger a need to redesign interfaces and designs for the new displays:
The sort of rich, data-dense information design espoused by Edward Tufte can now not only be made on the computer screen but also enjoyed on one. Regarding font choices, you not only need not choose a font optimized for rendering on screen, but should not. Fonts optimized for screen rendering look cheap on the retina MacBook Pro—sometimes downright cheesy—in the same way they do when printed in a glossy magazine.
Asus announced the P750 in October 2007 (and released in April 2008). It features a 2.6 inch screen with 640 x 480 resolution at 307 ppi, but the software limited it to QVGA (320 x 240, 154 ppi) via pixel quadrupling. Users could unlock the full potential of the screen via software modifications making it one of the earliest high density display smartphone making it one of the first smartphones with a display density over 300 ppi. The Windows Mobile operating system supports DPI independent rendering, thus all applications immediately and seamlessly benefited from the increased screen density making text clearer and sharper.
Two years prior to the release of device with a high density screen from Apple, HTC released the HTC Touch Diamond with a 286 ppi screen. In October 2008 the Sony Ericsson Xperia X1 was one of the first smartphones which offered higher resolution than the VGA screens seen before. It has a 800 x 480 screen at 311 ppi.
One of the first smartphone following the iPhone 4 to ship with a display of a comparable pixel density was the Nokia E6, running Symbian Anna, with a resolution of 640 × 480 at a screen size of 62.5mm. This was an isolated case for the platform however, as all other Symbian-based devices had larger displays with lower resolutions. Some older Symbian smartphones, including the Nokia N80 and N90, featured a 2.1 inch display at 259 ppi, which was one of the sharpest at the time. The first Android smartphones with the same display - Meizu M9 was launched a few months later in beginning of 2011. In October of the same year Galaxy Nexus was announced, which had a display with a better resolution. By 2013 the 300+ ppimark was found on midrange phones such as the Moto G. From 2013 to 2014, many flagship devices such as the Samsung Galaxy S4 and HTC One (M8) had 1080p (FHD) screens around 5-inches for a 400+ PPI which surpassed the Retina density on the iPhone 5.
The second major redesign of the iPhone, the iPhone 6, has a 1334 × 750 resolution on a 4.7-inch screen, while rivals such as the Samsung Galaxy S6 have a QHD display of 2560 × 1440 resolution, close to four times the number of pixels found in the iPhone 6, giving the S6 a 577 PPI that is almost twice that of the iPhone 6's 326 PPI. The Sony Xperia Z5 Premium launched in late 2015 had 806 PPI. The larger iPhone 6 Plus features a "Retina HD display", which is a 5.5-inch 1080p screen with 401 PPI.
Aside from resolution, all generations of iPhone Retina displays receive high ratings for other aspects such as brightness and color accuracy, compared to those of contemporary smartphones, while some Android devices such as the LG G3 have sacrificed screen quality and battery life for high resolution. Ars Technica has suggested the "superfluousness of so many flagship phone features—the move from 720p to 1080p to 1440p and beyond...things are all nice to have, but you’d be hard-pressed to argue that any of them are essential". Furthermore, developers can better optimize content for iOS due to Apple's few screen sizes in contrast to Android's wide display format variations.
Many Windows-based Ultrabook models have offered 1080p (FHD) screens standard since 2012 and often QHD or QHD+ as optional upgrade displays.
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